In a first-order reaction, the reaction price is straight proportional to the concentration of among the reactants. First-order reactions often have the general form A → products. The differential rate for a first-order reaction is together follows:

\<\textrmrate=-\dfrac\Delta<\textrm A>\Delta t=k<\textrm A> \label14.4.5\>

If the concentration that A is doubled, the reaction price doubles; if the concentration the A is boosted by a aspect of 10, the reaction rate boosts by a variable of 10, and so forth. Since the units of the reaction rate are always moles per liter per second, the devices of a first-order rate constant are reciprocal seconds (s−1).

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The integrated rate law for a first-order reaction deserve to be composed in two various ways: one making use of exponents and one using logarithms. The exponential type is together follows:

Figure $$\PageIndex1$$: Graphs that a first-order reaction. The expected shapes of the curves for plots of reactant concentration versus time (top) and the natural logarithm the reactant concentration matches time (bottom) because that a first-order reaction.

First-order reactions are an extremely common. Us have already encountered two instances of first-order reactions: the hydrolysis the aspirin and the reaction the t-butyl bromide v water to give t-butanol. Another reaction the exhibits obvious first-order kinetics is the hydrolysis the the anticancer medicine cisplatin.

Cisplatin, the very first “inorganic” anticancer medicine to be discovered, is distinct in its capability to cause complete remission of the fairly rare, but deadly cancers of the reproductive offal in young adults. The frameworks of cisplatin and also its hydrolysis product room as follows:

Figure $$\PageIndex2$$

Both platinum compounds have 4 groups i ordered it in a square aircraft around a Pt(II) ion. The reaction displayed in Figure $$\PageIndex1$$ is important due to the fact that cisplatin, the kind in which the medicine is administered, is no the type in which the medicine is active. Instead, at the very least one chloride ion have to be replaced by water to create a types that reacts through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to avoid cell department and tumor growth. Consequently, the kinetics the the reaction in figure $$\PageIndex1$$ have actually been studied generally to discover ways the maximizing the concentration that the energetic species.

Note

If a plot the reactant concentration versus time is no linear however a plot of the herbal logarithm the reactant concentration versus time is linear, climate the reaction is very first order.

The price law and reaction order of the hydrolysis the cisplatin are established from experimental data, such together those displayed in Table $$\PageIndex1$$. The table list initial price data for 4 experiments in i m sorry the reaction was operation at pH 7.0 and 25°C but with various initial concentration of cisplatin. Because the reaction rate rises with raising cisplatin concentration, we recognize this cannot be a zeroth-order reaction. Comparing experiment 1 and 2 in Table $$\PageIndex1$$ reflects that the reaction rate doubles <(1.8 × 10−5 M/min) ÷ (9.0 × 10−6 M/min) = 2.0> when the concentration the cisplatin is doubled (from 0.0060 M come 0.012 M). Similarly, comparing experiment 1 and 4 mirrors that the reaction rate increases by a aspect of 5 <(4.5 × 10−5 M/min) ÷ (9.0 × 10−6 M/min) = 5.0> as soon as the concentration that cisplatin is increased by a element of 5 (from 0.0060 M to 0.030 M). Due to the fact that the reaction rate is directly proportional come the concentration the the reactant, the exponent of the cisplatin concentration in the rate regulation must be 1, so the rate regulation is price = k1. For this reason the reaction is an initial order. Discovering this, we can calculate the rate continuous using the differential rate regulation for a first-order reaction and the data in any row the Table $$\PageIndex1$$. For example, substituting the values for Experiment 3 into Equation $$\ref14.4.5$$,

3.6 × 10−5 M/min = k(0.024 M)

1.5 × 10−3 min−1 = k

Table $$\PageIndex1$$: rates of Hydrolysis the Cisplatin as a function of Concentration in ~ pH 7.0 and also 25°C Experiment 0 (M) Initial price (M/min)
1 0.0060 9.0 × 10−6
2 0.012 1.8 × 10−5
3 0.024 3.6 × 10−5
4 0.030 4.5 × 10−5

Knowing the rate continuous for the hydrolysis that cisplatin and also the price constants for succeeding reactions that produce varieties that are extremely toxic allows hospital pharmacologists to provide patients with options that contain just the desired type of the drug.

Exercise $$\PageIndex1$$

Sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) decomposes come SO2 and also Cl2 through the complying with reaction:

SO2Cl2(g) → SO2(g) + Cl2(g)

Data for the reaction at 320°C are provided in the following table. Calculate the reaction order v regard to sulfuryl chloride and determine the rate constant for the reaction.

 Experiment 0 (M) Initial rate (M/s) 1 0.0050 1.10 × 10−7 2 0.0075 1.65 × 10−7 3 0.0100 2.20 × 10−7 4 0.0125 2.75 × 10−7

Answer first order; k = 2.2 × 10−5 s−1

Figure $$\PageIndex3$$: The Hydrolysis of Cisplatin, a First-Order Reaction​. This plots display hydrolysis of cisplatin at pH 7.0 and also 25°C together (a) the experimentally identified concentrations of cisplatin and chloride ion versus time and (b) the organic logarithm of the cisplatin concentration versus time. The directly line in (b) is meant for a first-order reaction.

The concentration the cisplatin reduce smoothly v time, and the concentration of chloride ion increases in a similar way. When we plot the organic logarithm of the concentration of cisplatin matches time, we attain the plot presented in part (b) in number $$\PageIndex3$$. The straight line is constant with the habits of a device that obeys a first-order price law. We can use any kind of two points on the line to calculate the slope of the line, which offers us the rate continuous for the reaction. Therefore taking the points from part (a) in number $$\PageIndex3$$ because that t = 100 min ( = 0.0086 M) and t = 1000 min ( = 0.0022 M),

We could additionally have offered the logarithmic kind of the incorporated rate regulation (Equation $$\ref14.4.7$$):